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from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia as Pfaenderspiele one designates a category of, with those that participant, who must deliver one, who can be redeemed later again. With most Pfaenderspielen the number of participants is almost unlimited, a visible size of 6 - 15 should not be exceeded however. The plays are different nature. Often they exist in a kind, whereby that, which commits an error, has to deliver a personal pledge to the play leader. These attention exercises have usually a linguistic character, which animates either to forgetting or too leads or to an associated play-immanent gesture provocatively, which was not permitted. Enough Pfaender are from the play leader met in such a way cover one pulled and asked the play round with the saying: "which is the pledge in my hand. Now the participants agree on a punishment for pledge redemption. This goes from physical perseverance or skill exercises over (spielerische) enduring of Neckereien and literal embarrassingnesses. With adult participation the tasks of redemption have often also one on a leg standing a needle to contrive a sheet paper with the mouth to waive with connected eyes a Schnurrbart anmalen themselves. Pfaenderspiele were already in hoefischer time well-known. However here little is delivered, but it to leisure entertainments of the yard ladies and their Verehrer will probably have been. Today the fools are the matter. which probably clearly to the flirtation factor of this play refer. The grandfather of the German school doing gymnastics and the educational play. They do not require an exercise. But which is to do it. - you is their physical and mental forces to exert it is, in which kind it wants, soon more, soon less, in Ernst or Spass." It strikes therefore for the youth more appropriate pledge redemptions forwards (see main to Pfaenderspiel in larger play rounds are played and birthday celebrations of children and adults. The plays are so numerous that only to carry a small selection here comes: Everything which feathers/springs has fliegt(auch .:Alle of birds to fly highly). The participants must stretch, if an airworthy animal or article is called, both hands each time highly into air. If someone indicates wrongly, he must give a pledge. Command Pimperle or also command Bimmele or also command tingling. All participants sit at the table and the play leaders give the commands, on which one agreed before. With command Pimperle drums all with the index fingers on the table edge. Command fist means that the fists lie on the table. The instruction is to be however implemented only if the play leader in front of it-placed the word command before. If he says simply "high", then must be maintained the previous position, gesture or activity. The play leader, that is changed after one while, may make intentional errors around the participants in errs to lead. In the case of an error of the fellow players a pledge is due. Exist some songs, whose texts have to replace gradually through or a growing silent (now fahrn we over lake. A small sailor. My hat that has three corners. Who makes an error, a pledge gives. It is counted in the circle reihum. Every time in the number 7 or a combination with the 7er-Reihe.) , one must say Bumm or another agreed upon word. Errors become by pledge delivery bestraft.themaid=19&titelid=270&suchen=ein%20kleiner%20matrose. Their text stands under that. Wikipedia® is a registered mark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc..

Accel ignition

. NOW the BLOGGER THAT MAKE PART and THAT THEY WILL MAKE WORDPRESS.COM PART, WILL HAVE To DISPOSITION 3GB OF UPLOAD FREE, AGAINST 50 MB INIZIALI.PRIMA IN ORDER TO MAKE a UPGRADE OF THE SORT HAD TO BE SPOLD 300 $ FOR a YEAR VERY, NOW, THANKS To the FABULOUS GIFT, will not have to be more spold nothing. L’.ottima and indispensable guide have been supplied from:. Many readers send to us mail in order to ask a guide to us all’.installazione for a PC, leaving from the single members. In this guide we show, step for step, like assembling a PC from zero, giving to you to the just information and precautions to take during l’.assemblaggio. Obviously we will equip all the passages with photographies, therefore to render more clearly all. In this article, the first one of a series, we will take care ourselves of the assembly of the members. For this article we have chosen a platform Intel Socket 775, therefore all the procedures and the images will regard l’.assemblaggio of a PC based on Intel. However, the procedures are riproducibili also in the case of a system AMD, since l’.unica nell’.installazione true difference consists in the socket, AM2 rather than 775. Socket CPU: the Socket is l’.alloggiamento of the processore on the motherboard. It is formed from a determined number of “.fori”. or of piedini, than varied based on the model, in correspondence of the pin or the contacts of connection of the processore. Clicca sull’.immagine in order to magnify it Hard Disk Western Digital WD5000AAKS the motherboard is based on chipset X38 with support to the memories DDR3, PCIe 2. The CPU is a model dual Core with 333 buses to MHz and 3 frequency of GHz. Many of these members make part also of our new platform of test, that we will use for the future tests on several the members hardware. To choose the card mother, or motherboard, is probably one of the more difficult steps nell’.acquisto of the members for a new system. The models in circulation are many, often variations of the same one chipset. To times the differences of performances are minimal, and not such to weigh on the decision d’.acquisto. These factors can also double or triple the price of one card mother. However, in this case you will already know to bottom the cards mothers and that one of which you have need. In many cases also the MicroATX models, from the generally smaller cost, could be of the good choices. We give un’.occhiata to our card mother Before passing to the operating phase we give un’.occhiata to the motherboard, in order to identify the main members and connectors that compose it. On left c’.è the socket that it will accommodate the CPU, while from the opposite part there are slot for the card the video and the cards of expansion. Behind the socket of the CPU there are the external doors, raggiungibili, once mounted the PC, from the posterior part of the houses. In our case, leaving from left, we find: PS2 for keyboard, two USB, optical and coaxial audio, LAN and USB, FireWire and eSata, LAN and USB, Audio. In order to make it there are various ways, between which simplest is to touch with both the hands directly a body in metal to contact with the earth. We remember ourselves to make it more times during l’.installazione and every time before seizing a member. For this guide we will proceed in the first place installing on the motherboard processore, relative dissipator and modules of memory RAM. Then we will mount local p0wer source, hard disk and reader DVD in the houses. Subsequently we will insert the motherboard in the houses and will install the card video. A dispassionate council: the Cores opted for one CPU dual or quad Core. To opt, today, for a processore to single Core does not have much sense, since the difference of price regarding a model dual-Core is minimal Intel the 2 Cores Pair E6850, advanced side. Intel the 2 Cores Pair E6850, inferior side. The processore has, on two of four sides, two heels, reproduced also on the socket that it will accommodate it. Various from the past, the new processori Intel are not more equip you of the piedini, but of simple points of contact plates. The piedini they are instead passes to you on the socket, that species of cage is endowed hour of one, than servants to block in center the CPU. In order to install the processore it before must unblock and raise the levetta of emergency, to press the flange in metal on one side in order to raise it, and to free l’.accesso to the socket. Subsequently, you will have to align the heels of the CPU with those of the socket and to support the nell’.apposita processore delicately center. Step 3: socket ready in order to accommodate the CPU. Step 4: to posizionare the CPU in the socket aligning the heels of the CPU with those of the socket. Hour touches to the thermal paste, usually comprised with the dissipator. Termoconduttiva paste or thermal paste: draft of one paste characterized from un’.elevata thermal conductivity. In a generalized manner, to spalmare the surface of the CPU with of the termoconduttiva paste is a lot important, since helps the exchange of heat between the processore and the dissipator. However you will have to place much attention in making it, assuring you not to soil others members and not to put of too much, otherwise you will obtain l’.effetto contrary. Spalmate a thin paste veil, uniform on all the surface, helping you with a pennellino. Step 5: to spalmare the termoconduttiva paste on the surface of the CPU. Hour that the processore is in the socket and has been spalmato with the termoconduttiva paste, you can richiudere the system of retention of the socket. Step 7: to lower the levetta until bloccarla. If it does not interest to you l’.overclock, the dissipator standard, offered in coupling to the processore, will be sufficient in order to cool the CPU. On the market many special dissipators are found, with variable prices, that they can offer greater upgrades them of cooling, minor noisiness or both these advantages. You only choose one of these dissipators “.after-market”. if you have special requirements, like as an example that one of overcloccare the CPU. The dissipator standard to equipment of the CPU Intel “.boxate”. Overcloccare the CPU means to increase of to the frequency (speed). A processore that works to advanced speeds generates more heat inexorably. The dimension of the impeller is un’.altra characteristic that impatta on the noisiness. The scope of the impeller is to move air, addressing it on the metallic surface of the dissipator with l’.obiettivo to cool it (to remove the heat). More air impatterà on the surface of the dissipator, greater will be upgrades them of cooling. To parity of d’.aria “.quantità mossa”., an impeller of small diameter will have to more fastly ruotare regarding one impeller of wide diameter. Hour that the CPU posizionata and is assured to the socket, we must install the dissipator. Draft probably of the member more difficult to settle itself, that it demands much attention. A fixed dissipator badly in fact will not cool adequately the processore and, in the case worse, of it it will cause the overheating. Even if the modern systems are equip to you of functionalities apt to prevent the damaging of the members from overheating, are always better to avoid such situations. For our system we have chosen one of the best dissipators on the market, Zalman CNPS9700 LED. However, when you acquire a processore Intel, in the confection you will find also a dissipator standard, than but it offers inferior performances to this special model. Intel Dissipator: the part to contact with the CPU is in branch, while the fins are in aluminum. L’.installazione of the boxato dissipator Intel is enough simple, even if to times it can introduce qualché difficulty. Around the socket four holes are present, correspondents to as many piedini present on the dissipator, that they will go aligns to you. Every piedino of the dissipator it is equipped of a rotary pointed hood, than servants in the case in which you want to unblock the hooks in order to remove the dissipator. Assured to you that the arrows impresse over the pointed hood are turned with the tip towards l’.esterno. Step 1: assured to you that the arrow is turned towards l’.esterno. Posizionate accurately the dissipator over the CPU, aligning the piedini with the below holes. Once it aligns to you, pigiate every piedino until when you feel a release. When all and the four piedini are block to you, you will have installed the dissipator. Seized the dissipator and pulls it to you towards l’.alto in order assuring you that it is very fixed to the card mother. Step 2: to posizionare the dissipator over the CPU. Step 3: to press the hook until bloccarlo nell’.apposito hole on the motherboard. To feel a “.clack”. when it will be blocked. In order to remove the dissipator you will have before to ruotare the four piedini towards l’.interno and to then pull them towards l’.alto. Every dissipator after market is substantially better regarding that boxato. The reasons that could push to you to acquire a dissipator after market are many, but the two main ones are legacies to the advanced performances of cooling and the silenziosità. Zalman CNPS9700LED is one of these, and in order to install it it must add two supports, in the inferior and advanced part of the card, before installing the CPU. You proceed initially with the positioning of the support on the posterior side, aligning the four holes. Then posizionate the front support and with the four present lives nella confection connected between they the two supports. Hour you can insert the processore like previously illustrated. Step 1: to posizionare the support in the posterior part of the motherboard. Step 2: to posizionare according to support in the front part of the motherboard. Passo3: to insert the lives and to screw fixing them between they (and to motherboard) the two supports. Once inserted the processore, delicately posizionate the dissipator on the surface of the processore and inserted the hook of implantation in means. Hour, through two lives, you will have to berth the support in such way that pushes the surface of the dissipator against that one of the processore. Screwed the two lives gradually, trying to avoid situations in which all the pressure comes mail on a single side of the CPU. Step 4: to posizionare the dissipator on the surface of the CPU. Step 5: to posizionare the hook centers them and to screw the lives on two sides. Hour that the dissipator correctly is installed, you remember yourselves to connect the cable of feeding of the all’.apposito impeller connector on the motherboard. In our case, the Zalman dissipator is equipped of a speed governor for the impeller. This system is based simply on a potenziometro that it limits the power of feeding of the impeller. To a voltage more low the impeller will turn more slowly, while to the maximum voltage (12V) the impeller will turn to the maximum regimen. Step 6: to connect the cables dell’.alimentazione and, in the case is available, of the speed governor. Moreover, the function will have to be supported and qualified from the BIOS. You would have to simply choose the memory based on the detailed lists of your system. L’.altro factor of chosen for the memories is the timing, that is the latenze with which the module of memory it is in a position to carrying out the demanded operations. The rule base is: minors are the timing, better are. Socket (the connectors) for the memory are adjacent to that one of the CPU. On the market they are available many kit dual channel, in which two identical modules RAM are present. The socket of the memories they come therefore uses to braces, identified from a code color you. The modules must be inserted in the socket of the same color. The memory modules, on the edge that will become part in the connector, are supplies of many contacts: 184 for memories DDR and 240 for DDR2 and DDR3. Step 1: to identify the connectors of the memories. First of all identified the socket in which you will have to insert the memories. In order to make it you can make reference to the handbook of the card mother, or alternatively watch on the motherboard in proximity of the socket. In our case, the socket they are identifies to you like “.DIMM_A1, DIMM_A2, DIMM_B1 and DIMM_B2″., while usually they are common labels as “.DIMM 1, DIMM2, etc”. Identified the first one socket, in our case the “.DIMM_A1″., and you proceed as it follows:. To the edge of the socket they are present of the hooks in plastic that once block the inserted memories. In order to install the modules you will have before to unblock these hooks moving them laterally. Subsequently aligned the memories to the socket, assuring you that the heel on the module corresponds to that one on the connector. Inserted the module in the socket, threading it in the guides placed to sides and you push on both sides until when the hook releases bloccando the module. Hour you repeat l’.operazione with according to module inserting it in the socket of the same color of the first one. Step 3: to control the correspondence of the heel on module and connector. Step 5: to press on both sides until when the hooks return in block position. Passso 6: it proceeds with according to module. In the case in which you have opted for an only module, however adviced against, inseritelo in the first one slot to disposition. We advise the reading to you of this article in order to estimate the difference of performances brought from the dual-channel: Parallel Processing: RAM and Hard disk. Lines guide for the choice of the houses Before inserting the motherboard in the houses, are necessary to prepare installing it more à l’.alimentatore and one or between hard disk and optical units. Before seeing this is made, wants gives some information to you that can return to you useful for the choice of the houses. , l’.aspetto in the first place outer of houses prettamente aesthetic functionality has one, therefore in the final choice hung the subjective factor strongly. If the system is classic, with one or two hard disk and one or two optical readers, opted for a middle tower. If instead thoughts to install more hard disk, systems of cooling to liquid integrated, or others members, you would do good to consider a model tower. Usually the houses are produced using two materials, l’.alluminio or l’.acciaio, with inserti or supports in plastic. This simply because l’.alluminio it leads the better heat dell’.acciaio, and because it is lighter. However, the implication of the medal is the price, since l’.alluminio it is also more expensive dell’.acciaio. According to factor to estimate it is the inner ventilation. The members, during the operation, scaldano and contribute themselves to raise the inner temperature to the houses. For the corrected operation, and in order to lengthen the duration of their life, the members do not have to catch up temperatures too much high. A card R-a.pieno.carico video can be heated until the 100 °C, a hard disk arrives also beyond the 50°C, while a modern CPU arranges on the 40 °C. L’.aria usually fresh it comes immessa from the frontal part of the houses and comes expelled from the posterior part. If possible opted for impellers with greater diameter, that they can ruotare to low regimes muovendo large a quantitative d’.aria and to the contempo making little noise. L’.ideale advanced milimeter is the impellers with diameter from 120 or. Installation of the members all’.interno of the houses We take to the houses and rimuoviamo the lateral bulkhead in order to allow l’.accesso all’.interno. The slab of anchorage for the motherboard is supply of multiple holes, in which they will go inserted the supports for the motherboard. Step 1: to identify and to screw the supports for the motherboard. The motherboard in format ATX, the diffused standard more for the motherboard desktop, they are equipped of nine holes in which inserting the lives. We take the supports gilds to you and we screw them in the holes, therefore like indicated nell’.immagine. The motherboard, as we have previously seen, it is equipped of a series of posterior doors, that they allow the connection of the peripheral ones dall’.esterno of the houses. With to the card mother modeled plate is supplied one in order to adapt to sayings connectors. This plate will have to be inserted in such way to cover l’.apposito hole gained in the houses. For l’.installazione he will be sufficient to posizionare the plate and to push it until bloccarla saldamente to the houses. Step 2: to insert the posterior plate of the motherboard. Installation of the members all’.interno of the houses, continues. Step 3: to posizionare l’.alimentatore and to fix it with the lives from the posterior part of the houses. The optical reader and l’.hard disk goes inserted in the frontal part of the houses. As far as l’.hard disk, every houses he is supplied of some predispositions from 3. In our case, the Silverstone houses are equipped of some estraibili drawers for hard disk. We have removed one of these cassettini, fixed all’.interno the disc, and then we have inserted it newly in the houses. Step 4: to insert l’.hard disk, with the connectors revolts towards l’.interno of the houses, and to fix it with the lives. Installation of the members all’.interno of the houses, continues For the optical reader is present, in the advanced part of the houses, the predispositions similar to those for hard disk, but more widths. For l’.installazione you will have first of all to remove frontal, relative the cover to the position in which you will want to insert the reader. These covers are often fixed to pressure, while in other cases with of the lives. Behind the cover a metallic flange is often present, that you will have to remove applying of the movements of torsion. Step 6: to remove the frontal cover of the houses. Step 7: to remove the inner plate in correspondence of the frontal shop. Step 8: to insert the optical reader from the frontal part of the houses. In the case in which the houses it is equipped of systems of retention automati to us, you can avoid to fix the members with the classic lives. We suggest you to give un’.occhiata to the booklet of instructions of the houses in order to learn the operation of the anchorage systems. Installation of the members all’.interno of the houses, continues To this point can proceed with l’.inserimento of the motherboard in the houses. Raised with cure the card and inseritela delicately in the houses, tilting it on one side like shown in figure. Aligned the doors posterior with the panel pierced installed previously in the houses and supported the card on the supports. Hour, through the present holes on the motherboard, you will be able to see the supports below. Assured that all the holes to you combacino and applied the lives. We first of all suggest you to insert the lives without to lock them completely once inserted all you can tighten them bloccando the motherboard in the houses. Step 10: to insert the motherboard in the houses. Step 11: to fix the card mother with the lives. Card discreet and integrated video: the card video is those member who takes care itself to manage the graphical data and to send them to the monitor for the visualization. He is not simple to supply of the lines guides elementary for the choice of the card video. The council is obviously to read our book reviews carefully in order to understand which it is the more suitable model to your requirements. Generally we can identify three prestazionali bands, that they are equivalent also to three bands of price. Wrap average is poured them, and it will allow without problems the activities from office, vision you DVD and videogiochi, with a prestazionale and qualitative level than more acceptable. If instead you will use the computer only for videogiocare, you would have considered the cards of you wrap upper-middle and high, than they will offer to you elevated performances and quality with the videogiochi. in order to estimate the performances of the several cards video. In order to install the card video you will have in the first place to identify the slot graphical, about which we have spoken in the description of the motherboard. Step 2: to remove one or more posterior covers. Other producers use systems of anchorage that must be only activated for the removal of the graphical card, but not for l’.inserimento. Step 3: to insert the graphical card in the slot. Posizionate therefore the card inserting connector Pci Express in slot the a lot delicately. Once inserted, you will have to fix it with of the lives or through l’.attivazione of the anchorage system automatic rifle. Step 4: to fix the graphical card with the lives. Hour that all the members are installs to you in the houses, is necessary to connect cables of feeding and data. In your case, clearly, you will have to be armed with patience and to directly carry out the logons all’.interno of the houses. Ours hard disk Serial ATA is based sull’.interfaccia. Connector SATA is equipped, on a side, of a heel that of it allows the connection in a single sense. Identified on motherboard the first sata channel, usually labeled with “.SATA1″. and connected a side of cable SATA. Connection cable SATA to the motherboard. Connection cable given SATA all’.hard disk. In our case we have chosen a reader Parallel ATA (PATA purposely), one tipologia still much diffusing. Various from the cable given SATA, that PATA he is much more large and cumbersome one. Identificativa characteristic Un’.altra of the logon back is given from the lack on the connector of a pin, while on the cable given of one lacking fissure. Once identified the back, connected the connector making attention not to too much tilt it during l’.inserimento, in order to avoid to fold some pin. The same given procedure must be carried out in order to identify and to connect the cable in the posterior part of the DVD. In the case in which also yours hard disk it is based on protocol PATA, the procedure it does not change, but we must take some precautions. First of all, c’.è to say that a channel SATA is in a position to only managing a peripheral one, that it comes connected directly with a cable. A channel PATA is instead in a position to managing until two peripheral ones, that they come connected in sequence using the same cable. Every cable PATA, second the last detailed lists, is equipped of three connectors, one blue, one black and one gray. On hard disk and optical readers PATA, in proximity of the posterior connectors, series of pin are one, usually sluices to braces with a ponticello (jumper). Based on the position of jumper the l’.unità it comes set up like Master, Slavs or like Cable Select, one third option. The suggestion is to set up all the units like Cable Select, and to use logic of the controller in order to connect in correct way the members. However, the choice which member will be the Master and which the Slavs does not have some impact on the performances or the management of the drive. True L’.unica limitation is that two members you mail on the same channel cannot carry out un’.azione, as an example of reading given, contemponearamente. However, this type of management comes carried out from the operating system, therefore l’.utente it will not notice problems in this situation. Connection cable given PATA to the motherboard. Connection cable given PATA to the optical reader. First of all we want to reassure to you: all the connectors of feeding are study to you in such way to connect themselves in way univoca. The locals p0wer source are equip you of various cables on which they are scatters to you you vary connectors. Step 1: to identify the connector molex and to connect it to the DVD. As far as members SATA, the connector of feeding he is similar to those data, but it is longer, and the heel is placed on the opposite side. Identified the dell’.alimentatore cable equipped of connector SATA, characterized the back based on the heel, and connects it to you all’.hard disk. Step 2: to identify connector SATA and to connect it all’.hard disk. Obviously, in the case in which also l’.hard disk it is PATA or reader DVD is SATA, is worth the same indications. The more powerful cards video usually demand additional feeding. The cards video of new generation instead are equipped of connectors Pci Express, to six or eight pin. In our case, the card chosen video ATI is equipped of two connectors, one Pci Express to six piedini and one Pci Express to eight piedini. Step 3: identified connectors Pci Express and connects them to the card video to you. Also the motherboard it must obviously be fed. Connector ATX to 24 pin usually is posizionato on the edge of the card mother, while that one to 4 or 8 pin is in proximity of the socket of the processore. Identified the connectors and the back of insertion, and couples them to you like from image. Some locals p0wer source are equip you of a connector ATX 20+4 pin, that is the connector are divided in two parts (for retrocompatibilità issues). Step 4: to identify connector ATX to 24 pin and to connect it to the motherboard. Step 5: to connect the connector of additional feeding to 4 or 8 pin. Of continuation bringing back a check-list, that you would have to follow dell’.accensione before, in way to assure to you that all the members and the cables are connected: Feeding motherboard: 24 connector ATX pin and 8 secondary connector to 4 or pin Feeding card video: connectors Pci Express If all it is in rule, the computer is ready for being ignited. Of the first start, BIOS and installation of Operating Sistema we will take care ourselves in next articles. 11 OPTIMAL TRUCCHETTI IN ORDER TO RENDER FIREFOX PIU' EFFICACE Work Rilascia Software the Second Beta of Browser.9 Work. Better instruments than ADMINISTRATION develop to you da.Microsoft Crea your personal YouTube con.StartYourTube. Microsoft admits a decrease of 24% delle.vendite Nintendo: no cut to the prices of DS and Wii nel.2008 RapGet: Software in order to unload to da.RapidShare Silvio Berlusconi raves and slanders the non.presenti Flock, Social Revolutionary developed Web browser da.Mozilla. Dragon Ball Z Makes up: Budokai Tenkaichi 3 Guide in order to render the copy of Windows perfectly genuine Xp and valid Crack for Windows Service Pack 1 Eliminare - To remove - Disinstallare WGA (continuous modernization). To unload and to install the Service Pack 1 on Sight in ITALIAN. All the contents of this blog are second publish the Creative terms to you of the licence Commons. NS6 and IE5PC I give not stretch the frame div down to encopass the content DIVs --.

Overseas affairs

Genovesi d' Oltremare first coloni modern dominant one small flat alluvial bordered from a golden sand beach, erge an impressive citadel, from is walled merlate that with white markings to the onslaught of the last ones contrafforti of the Aila mounts that fall back unexpected on the sea anch' they town-walls of wall that they are opened with a door fortified in powerful way, behind which they extend you vary spaces a time lives to you, than today they attend the work of the archeologi for citt?izantina, last under the power of the Mongoli nel. left for their far shipments towards China the father and got hold and of they made the center of the Gothia, one concurrent of their main colony, Caffa, situated little east on this same coast of Crimea. to pu?ssere that made an impression from the possanza of these “.altre”. Genoa founded on the rivers of the Black Mar, but also. In the heart of Istambul, on the other side of the Horn of Gold, svetta still today the Tower of Galata that was the hinge of the defense of the genovese Pear colony in the course of. Two Greek islands Chio and Mitilene, conserve their town-walls building, constructed from the Genovesi, the Giustiniani from one conserved in the local museums or still on the place, they remind the constructive work of the podest? of the consuls whom they made of ciascuna of these colonies overseas of other Genoa. of the Aegean, Genoa not?lle its first experiences of. From the beginnings of XII the century, on the wake of the crossed troops they had been formed of the small comunit?iguri in the main ports of Syria –. Palestine in which the Arrogant one avava obtained of the land, jurisdictional and customs concessions in ricompensa of the naval aid lend in the conquest of the made Terrasanta. exception for that one of Acres, than the Genovesi they had to abandon in 1258 to continuation of the violent crashs with the Pisani and Veneziani of the near quarters, was not never many popolati: some families of merchants, under autorit?i a consul, represent you the businessmen of the metropoli and organize the intense movement trade them legacy to the arrival, two times to the year, of the jails and of the ships genovesi. met?el XIII century, the genovese colonization takes tutt' around the Black Mar, citt?ome Caffa, Pera and Chio knows an exceptional development, is equipped of successive town-walls of walls and animates the regional economic life, resists to onslaught of the Greeks and the Mongoli, in order not to fall that two centuries pi?ardi in being able of the Ottomans, advanced in number. have one wide capacity: they constitute the antecedents that conquest or receives in concession, Genoa must make appeal the own inhabitants, sure, but also to all comunit?elle the Coasts on which its power extends. of emigration the Liguria interests all and it is diffused to the citt?he entertain relationships trades them with the sailors, adventurers, but also young who make their apprenticeship of transactions, members of the mercantile aristocracy leave for some month or some year, they are settled down in overseas, they take mogli or concubines, they call their family, always with nostalgia of their earth born them, of their parish of origin, than not scordano in their legacies. Minority in connection with the Greeks, or to the Armenians or the Mongoli who encircle them, this Genovesi overseas constitutes pi?ell' 80% of the western population of the marked colonization?olto: little Veneziani and Pisani in the genovesi colonies, practical no from Liguria one in the veneziane colonies, Clay, Corf? Negroponte. The attachment to the metropoli does not exclude from part of these leaves the country you of the humor jolts, allorch? they interests do not coincide with that she pursues the Common one: vedr?ad example, the Maona di Chio to take to a sure distance from the mother native land and its members, the Giustiniani, to come down to compromise with the Turks in order to maintain to their island the dominatrice societ?oloniale, where the only scope?uello to value, R-al.meglio, the resources of the territories overseas in order to satisfy the needs of the metropoli and still pi?el arrange handicraft of all medieval West borders of the world mongolo, sees to arrive in their ports the products of the Far East, silk and spezie, a lot searched in. They propose in exchange, until the heart of Asia, cloth and burlaps, wine and amuse slaves, useless mouths of the trib?aucasiche, that they go to serve in the wealthy families of citt?' the West or to upgrade feudi agricultural of the Sicily privileged between the world of the steppe and the forest and citt?le the genovesi colonies they are also centers that value the pi?mportanti local resources: wax, honey, pellicce and cereals for those of Crimea, alum destined to fix dyes of the stoffe of the West for Focea (Asia Minor), mastic, this “.chewing-gum”. of the Middle Ages for Chio, that contingenta of first “.cartelli commerciali”. it must to the spirit takeovers, not was at all need to submit. ?te aboriginal and to leave they a part of the profits, maintaining common people in the own ancestral condition genovesi is not interested very to the propagation of the Christian faith: the members of the new Franciscan and Dominican begging orders –. –. follow the merchants in their been left over one, fuse churches and a hierarchy missionary in the countries “.tartari”., but they disappear with to the domination acculturation remain very limit to you: the introduction of some word orients them in the running dictionary and the creation of a dictionary trilingue, Persian, cumano and Latin in the genovesi centers of Crimea, not to pu?ascondere the insignificant pochezza of the intellectual contacts between those two worlds flank to flank without to integrate itself, but to level of the?te or to some case of concubinage between the tiny people in the measure in which the genovese domination is developed, a process of guideline of the?te is operated, above all in Greek within: the Giustiniani soccombono to the dolcezza of the island of distaccano Omero and little little from their metropoli that d?oro little support heavy economic development, light cultural subjection: the genovesi takeovers overseas have been the “.laboratorio”. of Africa and Asia, rather than the Spanish in their colonies of beyond-Atlantic, have drawn profit from the experiences. University professor ordinary Medioevale History to the Universit?i Paris (Sorbona) and?ormato to the Archives of State of Genoa, where he has studied for years.